catalКатализ в промышленностиKataliz v promyshlennosti1816-03872413-6476LLC "KALVIS"10.18412/1816-0387-2025-3-76-89catal-1174Research ArticleКАТАЛИЗ В ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ И НЕФТЕХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИCATALYSIS IN CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRYСернокислотное алкилирование изобутана олефинами в микроэмульсионной среде в присутствии соли диметилдиоктадецил аммонияSulfuric acid alkylation of isobutane with olefins in a microemulsion medium in the presence of dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium saltНикитёнокА. В.NikityonokA. V.ctls@kalvis.ruИвановД. П.IvanovD. P.ctls@kalvis.ruБабушкинД. Э.BabushkinD. E.ctls@kalvis.ruКузьминА. О.KuzminA. O.ctls@kalvis.ruИнститут катализа СО РАН, НовосибирскРоссияBoreskov Institute of Catalysis, NovosibirskRussian Federation2025200620252537689Copyright © LLC "KALVIS", 20252025LLC "KALVIS"LLC "KALVIS"https://www.catalysis-kalvis.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.catalysis-kalvis.ru/jour/article/view/1174

Впервые обнаружено образование микроэмульсии по типу Винзор III в системе концентрированная H2SO4 + алканы C4–C6 при добавлении четвертичной аммониевой соли – диметил-диоктадецил-аммония хлорида (C18H37)2N+(CH3)2Cl– в качестве ПАВ. Изучено влияние образования данной микроэмульсии на параметры реакции сернокислотного алкилирования изобутана (iБ) 1-бутеном (1б) и 1-пентеном (1п). Добавление всего 0,03 мас.% ПАВ по отношению к H2SO4 приводит к резкому изменению многих показателей процесса, относительно процесса с использованием чистой H2SO4: увеличению конверсии изобутана в 1,5–2 раза, выхода продуктов С8 по олефину до двух раз, ОЧИ достигает 100 пунктов. Методом ЯМР определено, что после проведения реакции алкилирования изобутана 1-бутеном в присутствии микроэмульсии количество образующихся кислоторастворимых масел (КРМ) уменьшается в 15–20 раз по сравнению с не модифицированной кислотой.

The formation of Winsor III microemulsion in concentrated H2SO4 + C4-C6 alkanes system was detected for the first time with the addition of a quaternary ammonium salt, dimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammonium chloride (C18H37)2N+(CH3)2Cl-, as a surfactant. The effect of this microemulsion formation on the parameters of the sulfuric acid alkylation reaction of isobutane (iB) with 1-butene (1b) and 1-pentene (1p) was studied. The addition of only 0.03 wt. % of surfactant to H2SO4 resulted in a sharp change in many process parameters relative to the process using pure H2SO4: an increase in isobutane conversion by 1.5-2 times, the yield of C8 products by olefin up to 2 times, and the RON reaching 100 points. Using the NMR method, it was determined that after the alkylation reaction of isobutane with 1-butene in the presence of a microemulsion, the amount of acid-soluble oils (ASO) formed decreases by 15-20 times compared to unmodified acid.

алкилирование изобутана олефинамиполучение моторных топливмикроэмульсиядиметилдиоктадециламмония хлоридПАВalkylation of isobutane with olefinsmotor fuel alkylationmicroemulsiondimethyldioctadecylammonium chloridesurfactantsReferencesАхмадова Х.Х. и др. История, современное состояние и перспективы развития процесса алкилирования изобутана олефинами // Химическая технология. 2018. Vol. 19, № 3. P. 101–118.Ахмадова Х.Х. и др. История, современное состояние и перспективы развития процесса алкилирования изобутана олефинами // Химическая технология. 2018. Vol. 19, № 3. P. 101–118.Albright L.F. ChemInform Abstract: Updating Alkylate Gasoline Technology // ChemInform. 1998. Vol. 29, № 34.Albright L.F. ChemInform Abstract: Updating Alkylate Gasoline Technology // ChemInform. 1998. Vol. 29, № 34.Albright L.F. Present and future alkylation processes in refineries // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009. Vol. 48, № 3. P. 1409–1413.Albright L.F. Present and future alkylation processes in refineries // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009. Vol. 48, № 3. P. 1409–1413.Солодова Н.Л., Хасанов И.Р. Перспективные процессы алкилирования изопарафинов олефинами // Вестник Технологического Университета. 2015. Vol. 18, № 9. P. 117–121.Солодова Н.Л., Хасанов И.Р. Перспективные процессы алкилирования изопарафинов олефинами // Вестник Технологического Университета. 2015. Vol. 18, № 9. P. 117–121.Солодова Н.Л. и др. Современные технологии производства компонентов моторных топлив. Старый Оскол: ООО «Тонкие наукоемкие технологии», 2018. 324 p.Солодова Н.Л. и др. Современные технологии производства компонентов моторных топлив. Старый Оскол: ООО «Тонкие наукоемкие технологии», 2018. 324 p.Nafis D.A., Detrick K.A., Mehlberg R.L. Alkylation in Petroleum Processing // Handbook of Petroleum Processing / ed. Treese S.A., Pujadó P.R., Jones D.S.J. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. P. 435–456.Nafis D.A., Detrick K.A., Mehlberg R.L. Alkylation in Petroleum Processing // Handbook of Petroleum Processing / ed. Treese S.A., Pujadó P.R., Jones D.S.J. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. P. 435–456.Козин В.Г. и др. Современные Технологии Производства Компонентов Моторных Топлив. Казань: КГТУ, 2009. 324 p.Козин В.Г. и др. Современные Технологии Производства Компонентов Моторных Топлив. Казань: КГТУ, 2009. 324 p.Магомадова М.Х., Ахмадова А.Р., Ахмадова Х.Х. Алкилат - основной компонент высокооктановых бензинов // Вестник ГГНТУ. Технические науки. 2019. Vol. XV, № 4(18). P. 49–59.Магомадова М.Х., Ахмадова А.Р., Ахмадова Х.Х. Алкилат - основной компонент высокооктановых бензинов // Вестник ГГНТУ. Технические науки. 2019. Vol. XV, № 4(18). P. 49–59.Солодова Н.Л., Абдуллин А.И., Емельянычева Е.А. Алкилирование изопарафинов олефинами // Вестник Казанского Технологического Университета. 2013. Vol. 16, № 18. P. 253–258.Солодова Н.Л., Абдуллин А.И., Емельянычева Е.А. Алкилирование изопарафинов олефинами // Вестник Казанского Технологического Университета. 2013. Vol. 16, № 18. P. 253–258.Krylov V.A. et al. Sulfuric Acid Alkylation In The Presence Of Surfactants // Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils. 1990. Vol. 1. P. 19–21.Krylov V.A. et al. Sulfuric Acid Alkylation In The Presence Of Surfactants // Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils. 1990. Vol. 1. P. 19–21.Albright L.F., Eckert R.E. Formation and separation of sulfuric acid/n-heptane dispersions: Applications to alkylation // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2001. Vol. 40, № 19. P. 4032–4039.Albright L.F., Eckert R.E. Formation and separation of sulfuric acid/n-heptane dispersions: Applications to alkylation // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2001. Vol. 40, № 19. P. 4032–4039.Albright L.F. Alkylation of isobutane with C3-C5 olefins: Feedstock consumption, acid usage, and alkylate quality for different processes // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2002. Vol. 41, № 23. P. 5627–5631.Albright L.F. Alkylation of isobutane with C3-C5 olefins: Feedstock consumption, acid usage, and alkylate quality for different processes // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2002. Vol. 41, № 23. P. 5627–5631.Li K.W., Eckert R.E., Albright L.F. Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Olefins Using Sulfuric Acid. Operating Variables Affecting Both Chemical and Physical Phenomena // Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1970. Vol. 9, № 3. P. 441–446.Li K.W., Eckert R.E., Albright L.F. Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Olefins Using Sulfuric Acid. Operating Variables Affecting Both Chemical and Physical Phenomena // Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1970. Vol. 9, № 3. P. 441–446.Дорогочинский А.З., Лютер А.В., Вольпова Е.Г. Сернокислотное алкилирование изопарафинов олефинами. Москва: Химия, 1970. 216 p.Дорогочинский А.З., Лютер А.В., Вольпова Е.Г. Сернокислотное алкилирование изопарафинов олефинами. Москва: Химия, 1970. 216 p.Li L. et al. Caprolactam as a New Additive To Enhance Alkylation of Isobutane and Butene in H2SO4 // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016. Vol. 55, № 50. P. 12818–12824.Li L. et al. Caprolactam as a New Additive To Enhance Alkylation of Isobutane and Butene in H2SO4 // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016. Vol. 55, № 50. P. 12818–12824.Chen W.-S. Solubility measurements of isobutane/alkenes in sulfuric acid: applications to alkylation // Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2003. Vol. 255, № 2. P. 231–237.Chen W.-S. Solubility measurements of isobutane/alkenes in sulfuric acid: applications to alkylation // Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2003. Vol. 255, № 2. P. 231–237.Huang Q. et al. Improved Catalytic Lifetime of H2SO4 for Isobutane Alkylation with Trace Amount of Ionic Liquids Buffer // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015. Vol. 54, № 5. P. 1464–1469.Huang Q. et al. Improved Catalytic Lifetime of H2SO4 for Isobutane Alkylation with Trace Amount of Ionic Liquids Buffer // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015. Vol. 54, № 5. P. 1464–1469.Prochukhan K.Y. et al. New method for sulfuric acid alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins // Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils. 1999. Vol. 35, № 2. P. 65–67.Prochukhan K.Y. et al. New method for sulfuric acid alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins // Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils. 1999. Vol. 35, № 2. P. 65–67.Ryabov V.G. et al. Promotion of sulfuric acid by surfactants in alkylation process // Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils. 1992. Vol. 28, № 10. P. 547–550.Ryabov V.G. et al. Promotion of sulfuric acid by surfactants in alkylation process // Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils. 1992. Vol. 28, № 10. P. 547–550.Ma Z. et al. Enhanced catalytic performance of H2SO4 ‐catalyzed C4 alkylation by formyl functional [ N 1,1,1,1][ C10SO4] additive // AIChE J. 2023. Vol. 69, № 11.Ma Z. et al. Enhanced catalytic performance of H2SO4 ‐catalyzed C4 alkylation by formyl functional [ N 1,1,1,1][ C10SO4] additive // AIChE J. 2023. Vol. 69, № 11.Nicholas C.P. et al. Sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation process: pat. US11639322B2 USA // US 11639322 B2. 2023.Nicholas C.P. et al. Sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation process: pat. US11639322B2 USA // US 11639322 B2. 2023.Zheng W. et al. H2SO4-catalyzed isobutane alkylation under low temperatures promoted by long-alkyl-chain surfactant additives // AIChE J. 2021. P. e17349.Zheng W. et al. H2SO4-catalyzed isobutane alkylation under low temperatures promoted by long-alkyl-chain surfactant additives // AIChE J. 2021. P. e17349.Zheng W. et al. Understanding interfacial behaviors of isobutane alkylation with C4 olefin catalyzed by sulfuric acid or ionic liquids // AIChE J. 2018. Vol. 64, № 3. P. 950–960.Zheng W. et al. Understanding interfacial behaviors of isobutane alkylation with C4 olefin catalyzed by sulfuric acid or ionic liquids // AIChE J. 2018. Vol. 64, № 3. P. 950–960.Zhao Y. et al. Improvement of product distribution through enhanced mass transfer in isobutane/butene alkylation // Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2019. Vol. 143. P. 190–200.Zhao Y. et al. Improvement of product distribution through enhanced mass transfer in isobutane/butene alkylation // Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2019. Vol. 143. P. 190–200.Кудинов А.В., Рябов В.Г., Углев Н.П. Механизм действия ПАВ в процессе сернокислотного алкилирования изобутана олефинами // Научно-технический вестник Поволжья : Технические науки. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 151–160.Кудинов А.В., Рябов В.Г., Углев Н.П. Механизм действия ПАВ в процессе сернокислотного алкилирования изобутана олефинами // Научно-технический вестник Поволжья : Технические науки. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 151–160.Рябов В.Г. и др. Влияние присадок на межфазное натяжение и устойчивость эмульсии кислота-алкилат // Химия и технология топлив и масел. 1984. № 5. P. 38–39.Рябов В.Г. и др. Влияние присадок на межфазное натяжение и устойчивость эмульсии кислота-алкилат // Химия и технология топлив и масел. 1984. № 5. P. 38–39.Brockington J.W., Bennett R.H. Alkylation process for production of motor fuels utilizing sulfuric acid catalyst with trifluoromethane sulfonic acid: pat. US3970721A USA // US3970721A. 1976.Brockington J.W., Bennett R.H. Alkylation process for production of motor fuels utilizing sulfuric acid catalyst with trifluoromethane sulfonic acid: pat. US3970721A USA // US3970721A. 1976.Mehta S.K., Kaur G. Microemulsions: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Properties // Thermodynamics / ed. Tadashi M. Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2011.Mehta S.K., Kaur G. Microemulsions: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Properties // Thermodynamics / ed. Tadashi M. Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2011.Tartaro G. et al. Microemulsion Microstructure(s): A Tutorial Review // Nanomaterials. 2020. Vol. 10, № 9.Tartaro G. et al. Microemulsion Microstructure(s): A Tutorial Review // Nanomaterials. 2020. Vol. 10, № 9.Mitchell D.J., Ninham B.W. Micelles, vesicles and microemulsions // J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1981. Vol. 77, № 4. P. 601–629.Mitchell D.J., Ninham B.W. Micelles, vesicles and microemulsions // J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1981. Vol. 77, № 4. P. 601–629.Sottmann T., Stubenrauch C. Phase Behaviour, Interfacial Tension and Microstructure of Microemulsions // Microemulsions. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. P. 1–47.Sottmann T., Stubenrauch C. Phase Behaviour, Interfacial Tension and Microstructure of Microemulsions // Microemulsions. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. P. 1–47.Holmberg K. Organic Reactions in Microemulsions // European J. Org. Chem. 2007. Vol. 2007, № 5. P. 731–742.Holmberg K. Organic Reactions in Microemulsions // European J. Org. Chem. 2007. Vol. 2007, № 5. P. 731–742.Holmberg K. Organic reactions in microemulsions // Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. Elsevier, 2003. Vol. 8, № 2. P. 187–196.Holmberg K. Organic reactions in microemulsions // Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. Elsevier, 2003. Vol. 8, № 2. P. 187–196.Salager J.-L. et al. How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Compl // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2017. Vol. 20, № 5. P. 987–1018.Salager J.-L. et al. How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Compl // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2017. Vol. 20, № 5. P. 987–1018.Salager J.-L., Forgiarini A.M., Bullón J. How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 1. Optimum Formulation for Simple Surfactant–Oil–Water Ternary Systems // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2013. Vol. 16, № 4. P. 449–472.Salager J.-L., Forgiarini A.M., Bullón J. How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 1. Optimum Formulation for Simple Surfactant–Oil–Water Ternary Systems // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2013. Vol. 16, № 4. P. 449–472.Salager J.-L. et al. How to Attain an Ultralow Interfacial Tension and a Three-Phase Behavior with a Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 2. Performance Improvement Trends from Winsor’s Premise to Currently Proposed Inter- and Intra-Molecular Mixtu // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2013. Vol. 16, № 5. P. 631–663.Salager J.-L. et al. How to Attain an Ultralow Interfacial Tension and a Three-Phase Behavior with a Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 2. Performance Improvement Trends from Winsor’s Premise to Currently Proposed Inter- and Intra-Molecular Mixtu // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2013. Vol. 16, № 5. P. 631–663.Salager J.-L., Forgiarini A.M., Rondón M.J. How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with a Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: a Review—Part 3. Practical Procedures to Optimize the Laboratory Research According to the Current State of the Art in Surfactant // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2016. Vol. 20, № 1. P. 3–19.Salager J.-L., Forgiarini A.M., Rondón M.J. How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with a Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: a Review—Part 3. Practical Procedures to Optimize the Laboratory Research According to the Current State of the Art in Surfactant // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2016. Vol. 20, № 1. P. 3–19.Salager J.-L. et al. Formulation of Microemulsions // Microemulsions. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. P. 84–121.Salager J.-L. et al. Formulation of Microemulsions // Microemulsions. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. P. 84–121.Winsor P.A. Hydrotropy, solubilisation and related emulsification processes. Parts V-VIII // Trans. Faraday Soc. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1948. Vol. 44, № 0. P. 451–471.Winsor P.A. Hydrotropy, solubilisation and related emulsification processes. Parts V-VIII // Trans. Faraday Soc. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1948. Vol. 44, № 0. P. 451–471.Winsor P.A. Hydrotropy, solubilization and related emulsification processes. Part IX // Trans. Faraday Soc. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1950. Vol. 46, № 0. P. 762–772.Winsor P.A. Hydrotropy, solubilization and related emulsification processes. Part IX // Trans. Faraday Soc. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1950. Vol. 46, № 0. P. 762–772.Winsor P.A. Hydrotropy, solubilisation and related emulsification processes. Parts I-IV // Trans. Faraday Soc. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1948. Vol. 44, № 0. P. 376–398.Winsor P.A. Hydrotropy, solubilisation and related emulsification processes. Parts I-IV // Trans. Faraday Soc. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1948. Vol. 44, № 0. P. 376–398.Rico-Lattes I. et al. Organized molecular systems as reaction media // Comptes Rendus Chim. 2011. Vol. 14, № 7. P. 700–715.Rico-Lattes I. et al. Organized molecular systems as reaction media // Comptes Rendus Chim. 2011. Vol. 14, № 7. P. 700–715.Dwars T., Paetzold E., Oehme G. Reactions in Micellar Systems // Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 2005. Vol. 44, № 44. P. 7174–7199.Dwars T., Paetzold E., Oehme G. Reactions in Micellar Systems // Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 2005. Vol. 44, № 44. P. 7174–7199.Ghosh P., Hickey K.J., Jaffe S.B. Development of a Detailed Gasoline Composition-Based Octane Model // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006. Vol. 45, № 1. P. 337–345.Ghosh P., Hickey K.J., Jaffe S.B. Development of a Detailed Gasoline Composition-Based Octane Model // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006. Vol. 45, № 1. P. 337–345.Salager J.-L. et al. Enhancing solubilization in microemulsions—State of the art and current trends // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2005. Vol. 8, № 1. P. 3–21.Salager J.-L. et al. Enhancing solubilization in microemulsions—State of the art and current trends // J. Surfactants Deterg. 2005. Vol. 8, № 1. P. 3–21.Warr G.G. et al. Microemulsion formation and phase behavior of dialkydimethylammonium bromide surfactants // J. Phys. Chem. 1988. Vol. 92, № 3. P. 774–783.Warr G.G. et al. Microemulsion formation and phase behavior of dialkydimethylammonium bromide surfactants // J. Phys. Chem. 1988. Vol. 92, № 3. P. 774–783.Fressancourt-Collinet M. et al. Acidic three-liquid-phase microemulsion systems based on balanced catalytic surfactant for epoxidation and sulfide oxidation under mild conditions // Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013. Vol. 355, № 2–3. P. 409–420.Fressancourt-Collinet M. et al. Acidic three-liquid-phase microemulsion systems based on balanced catalytic surfactant for epoxidation and sulfide oxidation under mild conditions // Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013. Vol. 355, № 2–3. P. 409–420.Manier M.L. et al. Identification of dimethyldioctadecylammonium ion (m/z 550.6) and related species (m/z 522.6, 494.6) as a source of contamination in mass spectrometry // J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2008. Vol. 19, № 5. P. 666–670.Manier M.L. et al. Identification of dimethyldioctadecylammonium ion (m/z 550.6) and related species (m/z 522.6, 494.6) as a source of contamination in mass spectrometry // J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2008. Vol. 19, № 5. P. 666–670.Scarpa M.V. et al. Effect of Vesicles of Dimethyldioctadecylammonium Chloride and Phospholipids on the Rate of Decarboxylation of 6-Nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate // Langmuir. 2000. Vol. 16, № 3. P. 993–999.Scarpa M.V. et al. Effect of Vesicles of Dimethyldioctadecylammonium Chloride and Phospholipids on the Rate of Decarboxylation of 6-Nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate // Langmuir. 2000. Vol. 16, № 3. P. 993–999.Kranz K.E., Millard J.K. Alkylation Of Olefins Utilizing Mixtures Of Isoparaffins // US 5583275. Stratco, Inc., Leawood, Kane, 1996. № 293,049.Kranz K.E., Millard J.K. Alkylation Of Olefins Utilizing Mixtures Of Isoparaffins // US 5583275. Stratco, Inc., Leawood, Kane, 1996. № 293,049.Gary J.H. et al. Petroleum Refining // Petroleum Refining. CRC Press, 2007. 741–761 p.Gary J.H. et al. Petroleum Refining // Petroleum Refining. CRC Press, 2007. 741–761 p.Albright L.F., Kranz K.E., Masters K.R. Alkylation of isobutane with light olefins. Yields of alkylates for different olefins // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993. Vol. 32, № 12. P. 2991–2996.Albright L.F., Kranz K.E., Masters K.R. Alkylation of isobutane with light olefins. Yields of alkylates for different olefins // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993. Vol. 32, № 12. P. 2991–2996.Albright L.F., Kranz K.E. Alkylation of isobutane with pentenes using sulfuric acid as a catalyst: chemistry and reaction mechanisms // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992. Vol. 31, № 2. P. 475–481.Albright L.F., Kranz K.E. Alkylation of isobutane with pentenes using sulfuric acid as a catalyst: chemistry and reaction mechanisms // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992. Vol. 31, № 2. P. 475–481.Albright L.F. Alkylation of Isobutane with C3−C5 Olefins To Produce High-Quality Gasolines: Physicochemical Sequence of Events // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003. Vol. 42, № 19. P. 4283–4289.Albright L.F. Alkylation of Isobutane with C3−C5 Olefins To Produce High-Quality Gasolines: Physicochemical Sequence of Events // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003. Vol. 42, № 19. P. 4283–4289.STRATCO® Alkylation Technology [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://elessentct.com/technologies/stratco/ (дата обращения 14.10.2024).STRATCO® Alkylation Technology [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://elessentct.com/technologies/stratco/ (дата обращения 14.10.2024).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.