Processing of biomass to energy in the presence of nanoscale catalysts and membrane-catalyst systems

Organic sources of fuels from renewable biomass are relevant and promising for the harmonious exploitation of raw material sources. Ethanol and other bio alcohols are the most promising sources as basic energy raw materials, like hydrogen and organic components of motor fuels. The paper presents a new results of ethanol, a mixture of ethanol and glycerin (the major product of biomass) conversion to the alkane-olefin fraction C3–C10+ in the presence of nanoscale single-and bimetalcontaining active components deposited on γ-Al2O3 (<d> = 5÷8 Nm), and on the inner surface of the microchannels of ceramic membranes (<d> = 15÷20 nm). The predecessors were a mono-and bimetallic alkoxideand acetate complexes. The selectivity in the conversion of ethanol to aliphatic hydrocarbons, as well as the content of branched structures depends strongly on the nuclearity and composition of the catalytic metal components. For the first time it is found that glycerol exhibits a high reactivity in the cross-condensation reaction of the carbon skeleton of different nature alcohols. A mixture of ethanol and glycerine is converted into a 60 % olefins C4–C10 composition, containing up to 50 % branched structures in the presence of tantalum-rhenium-containing systems. The controlled conversion of ethanol to the olefin, alkane or alkaneolefin fraction is possible by changing the composition of Pd–Zncontaining active ingredients. The developed porous membrane catalyst systems show a high activity in carbon dioxide and steam reforming of ethanol, a mixture of ethanol and glycerol, and acetic acid. The productional scheme for a wide range of valuable organic products based on bio alcohols containing no toxic impurities and independent from crude oil is presented. Under the scheme, alkanes from ethanol and other bio alcohols are major components of motor fuels; a wide range of products of organic synthesis processes carbonylation/hydrocarbonylation can be obtained from olefins, CO and H2.

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