The review considers modern approaches to the development of a technology for producing cobalt catalysts that are applied in the majority of known processes aimed to synthesize hydrocarbons from СО and Н2 by the Fischer – Tropsch method. The development of efficient catalysts makes it possible to replace the fuel produced from fossil oil by an alternative ultrapure fuel, thus reducing the detrimental effect on the environment. The results of R&D studies, particularly those obtained recently by the authors, were analyzed to reveal topical trends in the development of high-performance catalysts for the synthesis of hydrocarbons by the Fischer – Tropsch method within the classical and integrated GTL technology, including the creation of polyfunctional systems of new types. The review provides information mainly on the catalytic characteristics of the supported cobalt catalysts synthesized by impregnation and the related polyfunctional hybrid catalysts for the selective synthesis of fuel fraction hydrocarbons. The control of selectivity and productivity as well as changes in activity and physicochemical properties of the catalysts during a long-term operation are considered.

The paper describes the production of base monomers by dehydrogenation at PJSC «Nizhnekamskneftekhim». Special emphasis is made on the development of advanced domestic catalysts in cooperation with Kazan Federal University. Drawbacks of the existing catalytic systems and possible variants of their improvement are described.

Activity and selectivity of alumina-supported palladium catalysts, particularly the sulfurized ones, in the hydrogenation of 1,3-pentadiene to pentenes were investigated. Preliminary sulfurizing of palladium catalysts considerably enhances the selectivity to olefins in a wide range of the H2 /diene molar ratio (from 2.5 to 10). Samples activated in H2 at elevated temperatures demonstrate a higher activity toward diene hydrogenation. Palladium catalysts are more active at low temperatures of the reaction; however, the earlier studied sulfurized Ni catalysts compare well with palladium ones in terms of their selectivity to olefins and productivity, and are more selective in an excess of hydrogen. Modification of palladium with chromium, silver or lithium increases the selectivity to olefins.

The results of studies on deactivation of hydrotreating catalysts reported in scientific and technical literature are considered and systematized in the review. The effect exerted by the feedstock composition and hydrotreatment conditions on the catalyst coking is revealed. The factorsleading to changes in the morphology of active component and the possibilities to weaken this type of catalyst deactivation during commercial operation are considered. The effect of a pressure drop over the catalyst bed on the run time as well as the action of catalytic poisons and the ways of their penetration into hydrotreatment distillates are shown. This review can be interesting and useful to chemical engineers involved in the study of catalytic systems and to oil industry specialists.

The literature review is devoted to recent studies on the production of microalgae biomass and its processing using chemical and bioengineering approaches into marketable substances: biofuel, ethanol, butanol, hydrogen and others. The review consists of three parts: approaches to the production of microalgae biomass (part 1), the synthesis of biofuel from microalgae (part 2), and the production of marketable substances by bioengineering (part 3). The first part of the review considers the promising strains of microalgae that produce lipids and serve to obtain biofuel complying with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Factors affecting the accumulation and composition of microalgae lipids (the composition of nutritional medium, illumination, temperature, and salinity of the medium) are also discussed. Approaches to the production of microalgae biomass, particularly with the use of flue gases and sewage, are analyzed.