Based on the understanding of the nanoscale world and features of the methodology of his knowledge, the dispersed particle of nickel was considered as multifunctional nanoscale structure with the ability to manage nanotechnology. As examples of such nanotechnology it was considered: the synthesis of carbon nanoproducts (fibers, filaments, etc.) through the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons by the mechanism carbide cycle, processes for hydrogenation of aromatic compounds, a highly selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene, butadiene to butylene.

Conversion of benzene containing naphtha on bifunctional catalytic system Pt/SO4 2––ZrO2–Al2O3 with different chemical compositions of support is studied. Results of hydroisomerization of model heptane-benzene mixture showed that the optimum catalytic properties possessed by the system, wherein the support comprises 67,8 wt.% alumina. For benzene containing fraction IBP–85 °C (23,7 wt.% benzene) of industrial origin it is found that the catalyst allows the complete removal of the arenes from benzene containing fraction at increasing its octane number up on 2,2–3,3 points by the research method while maintaining a high yield of liquid products (98,7 wt.%
or more).

The possibility of implementing the principle of «multi-fuel» – to produce hydrogen gas from various types of hydrocarbons on the same catalyst in the similar reaction conditions is considered. The studies are conducted on the example of steam reforming reaction of two types hydrocarbon mixtures: diesel fuel that meets Russian standards GOST P 52368-2005 (EH 590:2004), and a mixture of methane and propane, which simulates the composition of associated gas. The selection of these types of hydrocarbons due to their widespread use as fuel in power plants of different type. The experiments were performed in flowing catalyst installed in the temperature range 250-480 °C (for the methane-propane) and 500-600 °C (diesel fuel) at pressures of 1–15 atm on nickel catalyst NIAP-18. It is shown that the catalyst is capable to provide the conversion of different types of hydrocarbon to the synthesis gas and methane-hydrogen mixture, which can be used as fuel in power plants based on high temperature fuel cell, in the spark, diesel and gas diesel internal combustion engines.

The paper continues a series of studies aimed at developing a new approaches to the regeneration of coked bimetallic heterogeneous systems. The comparison of activity of the three samples of industrial n-heptane reforming catalyst Ru-125 (Pt-Re/γ-Al2O3) was held: fresh (A), discharged from an industrial reactor (B) and the sample B after the ozone treatment in supercritical carbon dioxide (C). It was found that the sample (B) substantially deactivated: conversion of n-heptane and the reforming product yield significantly lower than on the fresh catalyst. After the sample (B) was treated in O3/SK-CO2 the conversion value of n-heptane is not only return to the level of fresh sample (A), but it exceeds in 1,2 times. The qualitative composition of the products on the samples (A), (B), (C) is practically the same but there is change in the ratio of individual products. It is concluded that the regeneration of using ozone is promising for further development and scaling.

Dimensional heterogeneous model of a Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reactor synthesis with a fixed catalyst bed in approximation of isothermal pellets is developed. The simulation of the FT process for laboratory reactor is conducted. Effect of the linear velocity of the gas stream and the inner diameter reactors on the thermal stability of the process is considered. It is shown that the size of the reactor is limited by the possibility of a «thermal explosion» in a frontal layer of the catalyst. The increasing of linear gas velocity increases the heat transfer and thus reduces overheating of the catalyst bed. It is shown that the process of preparing solid hydrocarbons may be carried out in a reactor of diameter not exceeding 18 mm. The maximum temperature variation in the length of the reactor 3, 4 and 6 m is 4,7, 4,2 and 3,6 °C respectively according to calculation. The conversion of CO in this case is 35,0, 34,4 and 33,9 %, respectively. Production of liquid hydrocarbons in high performance reactor requires to reduce the reactor internal diameter down to 12 mm. The maximum temperature variation in the length of the 3, 4 and 6 m is 9,6, 8,7 and 7,6 °C, and the CO conversion – 78,0, 77,4 and 76,7 % respectively. Developed mathematical model allows to estimate the parameters of the designed reactors and conditions of the FT synthesis, aimed to obtaining of solid or liquid hydrocarbons.

The testing of KGS-3 catalyst is made in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of methylacetylene and propadiene from an industrial pyrolysis propane-propylene fraction into a pilot plant in two successive adiabatic flow reactors with a fixed catalyst bed. There is a definition of the optimal process conditions of hydrogenation, providing residual acetylene and diene impurities not more than 5 ppm: pressure in the system – 18 atm, the volume flow rate of hydrocarbons – 2100 h–1, the molar ratio of hydrogen to the amount of methyl acetylene and propadiene in the 1st and 2nd reactor respectively 1,1: 1,0 and 1,6 : 1,0, and temperature – 50 and 55 °С. Under these conditions, the KGS-3 catalyst provides total 100 % conversion of the methyl acetylene and propadiene with propylene selectivity 76,7 %. Expected service cycle of the catalyst is about 14 months. The catalyst may be used for the purification of hydrocarbon fractions containing up to 5 wt.% diene and acetylenic impurities.

The catalysts of industrial gasoline reforming reactors with different process technology (fixed bed and continuous catalyst regeneration) were investigated. The structure of coke on the surface of platinum reforming catalysts was analyzed using derivatography to improve industrial performance of these catalysts. It is found that coke-gene structures, which deactivates the catalyst, are formed by the current deviation from the optimum activity of the catalyst is approximately equal 6 %, when the equality rates of formation and hydrogenation of intermediates seal is achieved. The continuous monitoring of industrial units with using of previously developed chemical-physical models allows to control and regulate the process conditions, to reduce the quantity of coke on the catalyst on 1–3 wt.% and thereby to prolong the life of the
catalyst on 20–30 %.

The solid solutions M0,1Zr0,18Ce0,72O2, where M is a rare earth metal (REM) are synthesized. The structural and textural characteristics of prepared compositions were studied by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. It is shown that the introduction of 10 mol.% REM in the solid solution Zr0,2Ce0,8O2 allows to save the cubic fluorite structure. In this case the parameter of lattice of solid solution decreases with increasing the atomic number of REM. The synthesized samples are nanosized: the ceria crystallite size is 13,3 nm, Zr0,2Ce0,8O2 – 11,2 nm, M0,1Zr0,18Ce0,72O2 – about 8 nm. According to TEM, the average particle size is 15 nm. The incorporation of REM increases the specific surface area and porosity due to the formation of more defective structure. There is determination of the catalytic activity of the synthesized solid solutions in CO oxidation in a flow reactor under the conditions: pressure 0,1 MPa, temperature of 20–500 °C, space velocity of 1800 h–1 gas mixture (vol.%): CO – 3,6; O2 – 8,0; N2 – balance. The samples with light REM (praseodymium, samarium, neodymium) were the most active, they have a high oxygen storage capacity (OSC). That new catalysts have an interest for the purification processes from gas emissions of motor vehicles.

The aim of this work is to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fibrous products derived by hydro-thermobaric treatment with the explosion of two kind of feed (miscanthus and oat hull fibre) in the high-pressure reactor. Multi-enzyme composition of the enzyme preparations «Bryuzaym BGX», «CelloLux-A», «Rapidaza CR» were used as a catalyst. It is found that the products of the fruit fiber membranes oats have a higher reactivity to the fermentation compared with miscanthus: the hydrolysis of oat hull fibre processing product in a high pressure reactor leads to a maximum yield of reducing substances – 68 % (by weight of the substrate) or 95 % (by weight of hydrolysable components), with the advantage glucose hydrolyzate. In the case of miscanthus processing product obtained under the same conditions,
the yield of reducing substances was 44 % (by weight of the substrate) or 56 % (by weight of the hydrolyzable components.)
With increasing the pressure at hydro-thermobaric treatment of miscanthus the mass fraction of hemicellulose in processing products is reduced to 0,4 %, the reactivity to fermentation of processing products is reduced: the output of reducing substances is 37 % (by weight of the substrate) or 55 % (by weight of hydrolyzed components).

The use of heterogeneous catalysts for the production of biodiesel from plant lipids by alcohol transesterifying has a number of advantages as compared with homogeneous catalysts. The study of the kinetics of the process is an actual objective for the development of industrial technology of that process. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of the transesterification of rapeseed oil on a heterogeneous catalyst in a gaseous methanol in view of its partial pressure, what has not previously been investigated. Experiments were conducted in a continuous fixed bed reactor on barium-alumina catalyst at a temperature 200 °C and methanol pressure 0,1–2,5 MPa. The data is calculated based on a simplified kinetic model with one irreversible reaction of second order (first order in the oil and the first order in methanol). The lifetime tests of the catalyst calcined at 700 °C were held.

The method of preparation of low-quality raw feed to produce a esters of fatty acids (EFAs) is offered. The method consists in carrying out the methanolysis of free fatty acids from chicken
fat. New heterogeneous sulfonic acid polymer materials are synthesized using nano filler SiO2 (SCM K SCM-F-30 and SCM- F-60) and lignin (SCM-F-30(L) and SCM-60-F(L)) were used as catalysts. Comparison of the effectiveness of new catalysts with industrial ion exchange resins brands KSM-2 and KU-2-8 in the methanolysis of various fat-containing raw feed is held. It is shown that the highest yield of EFA (96–97 %) is achieved by using catalysts SCM-K, SCM-F-30 and SCM- F-30 (A), due, apparently, their more developed surface. Effective conditions for methanolysis are: molar ratio chicken fat : methanol = 1 : 7, the amount of catalyst – 5 % by weight fat; reaction time – 4 hours and the temperature 65–67 °C. Possibility of recycling and reuse of heterogeneous sulfonic acid resin catalyst (SCM K) free fatty acid
methanolysis is shown.