Analysis of the level of developing catalytic systems and technologies for copolymerization of CO₂ with traditional monomers and monomers based on bio-sources has been carried out. An overview of data on the global carbon dioxide market as one of the main raw materials component of the studied technologies, as well as the market features and leading manufacturers of global and regional markets of CO₂-polymers is performed. Examples of successful commercial realization of the considered technologies are given. The global CO₂-polymer market is anticipated to expand significantly and is projected to reach USD 7.0 billion by 2033 with a CAGR of 11.12% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2033. At the same time, it was noted that even despite the obvious environmental advantages, there are still many factors that reduce the competitiveness of technologies for producing CO₂-polymer products.

The effect of the phase composition of the alumina support on the formation of supported tungstated zirconia catalysts for heptane isomerization was studied. Pseudoboehmite calcined at various temperatures and durations was used to obtain support samples. It was shown that the use of an alumina support containing more than 90 wt.% α-Al₂O₃ ensures the formation of a t-ZrO₂ phase in the Pd/WO₃-ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst with a CSR particle size of 11-13 nm and an acid site density of 4.7-4.8 μmol/m², as measured by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The catalysts exhibit high isomerization selectivity of 88.7-93.3% with a heptane conversion of 74.8-79.3%.

The physicochemical properties, the active component state, the activity and selectivity of the supported molybdenum-containing catalysts supported on borated aluminum and zirconium oxides in the processes of ethylene conversion to propylene and propylene metathesis were considered. It was shown for both supports that the activity of molybdenum-containing catalysts in ethylene and propylene conversions is directly dependent on the acid sites number on its surface. The catalyst based on borated alumina was active at temperatures from 100 to 200 °C. At the same time, the catalyst based on borated zirconia required the use of temperatures up to 450 °C. The higher metathesis activity of the MoO₃/B₂O₃-Al₂O₃ catalyst related to both with the presence of a greater number of metathesis reaction active sites on its surface due to the formation of highly dispersed molybdenum compounds and, with a greater number of Brønsted acid sites.

This paper examines the scaling of a technology for the selective synthesis of high-molecular-weight C19+ hydrocarbons (synthetic waxes) from CO and H2 in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) process over a cobalt-aluminum-silica catalyst. Scaling was performed using a 6-meter tubular reactor at a pilot plant using natural gas as feedstock. During 557-hour tests, a C5+ productivity of 36.6 kg/(m³cat h) and a C19+ selectivity of 49-53% by weight were achieved. The stability of the catalyst was confirmed, and three characteristic periods of catalyst operation were identified: activation, stable operation, and deactivation caused by wax accumulation. A key effect of scale on the process hydrodynamics was established: increasing the reactor diameter and catalyst granule size shifts the synthesis regime from laminar (Re ~ 0.45 under laboratory conditions) to transient (Re = 10.9 under industrial conditions), which increases heat transfer but reduces C5+ selectivity from 82.1% to 69.6%, while maintaining a high proportion of C19+ in the products. Based on an analysis of the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics, the need to maintain laminar conditions (Re < 10) in industrial reactors to maximize wax yield was substantiated. The results of pilot tests and the proposed engineering solutions demonstrate the viability of the technology for creating competitive industrial production in Russia.

This review is the second part of the consideration of modern approaches to the synthesis of cellulose acetates and is devoted to cellulose acetylation under the basic catalysis conditions (in the presence of halide and acetate anions, organic superbases, amines, inorganic bases). Analysis of methods for cellulose acetates producing based on the esterification with acetic anhydride and the transesterification with acetic acid esters was carried out. Acetylations of cellulose in solutions (homogeneous acetylation) and in suspensions (heterogeneous acetylation) are considered. Based on the literature data, current trends in research on cellulose substrates acetylation and scientific background for the development of new manufacturing technologies are determined.

Experimental data on methanol synthesis were obtained in a laboratory flow reactor over an industrial Cu/Zn/Al₂O₃ catalyst (Katalko 51-8) using fractions of 0.5-1 mm, 1-3 mm, and whole pellets (5×5 mm cylinders) at pressures of 31, 41, and 49 bar and temperatures of 200-270 °C. Based on the literature kinetics of Graaf et al. (1988, 1990) and a comparison of the modeling results for an isothermal laboratory reactor with experimental data in the kinetic regime, a two-stage thermodynamically consistent reaction scheme was selected, which includes methanol formation from CO and H₂ and the reverse water-gas shift reaction, along with the corresponding kinetic constants. A numerical analysis of the effect of intraparticle diffusion limitations on the apparent reaction rates was performed for the porous catalyst pellet using a parallel pore model and the proposed kinetics. The spherically symmetric boundary value problem was based on the Stefan-Maxwell equations for multicomponent diffusion, accounting for the contribution of Knudsen diffusion within the isothermal pellet. It was shown that at a pressure of 49 bar and with increasing temperature from 190 °C to 250 °C, the calculated effectiveness factor for the 5 mm industrial catalyst pellets decreases from 93% to 36% for the methanol synthesis and from 93% to 52% for the reverse water-gas shift reaction.

The effect of the sodium content in Y zeolite on its physico-chemical properties and on the properties of hydrocracking catalysts prepared therefrom has been investigated. A series of ultrastable Y zeolite samples with varying sodium content has been synthesized. The samples were characterized by a set of physicochemical methods, including chemical analysis by ICP-AES, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption, and FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. Based on the obtained zeolites, NiW hydrocracking catalysts were prepared. Their physicochemical properties were determined, including acidity measurement via FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine, and testing was performed in the hydrocracking of vacuum gasoil under first-stage conditions. It was shown that an increase in the sodium content of the zeolite leads to a significant decrease in the concentration of BAS and an increase in the concentration of LAS. At the same time, the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the catalysts based on zeolites with different sodium contents were found to be sufficiently similar. Consequently, for the catalyst preparation recipe used, the zeolite with a sodium content of up to 0.5 wt.% can be employed without altering the catalytic properties.

The effect of modifying cracking catalyst components, namely zeolite Y, amorphous aluminosilicate, and alumina, with rare earth cations on the activity and resistance of the cracking catalyst to nitrogen compound poisoning was studied. It was shown that complex modification of all three components with rare earth cations leads to increased catalyst activity, increased gasoline yield, and an increase in the relative conversion of non-hydrotreated vacuum gas oil in the presence of 3000 ppm nitrogen (as quinoline) to 89.4%.

The applicability of the Demerus Jet oxidative sweetening technology to the treatment of a straight-run kerosene fraction derived from ESPO crude oil using the heterogeneous KSM-X catalyst was investigated. It was shown that when the process is carried out under mild conditions and followed by adsorption post-treatment, the mercaptan sulfur content can be reduced to a level meeting the requirements for TS-1 fuel. According to bench-scale test data, sweetened fractions with a mercaptan sulfur content of 0.0012-0.0027 wt.% were obtained. At the same time, it was found that achieving the regulatory limit for mercaptan sulfur does not guarantee full compliance of the sweetened fraction with the operational requirements for aviation fuel. Comparative testing and analysis of existent gums revealed elevated values of the existent gum content, deterioration in the lubricity of the sweetened fraction in the absence of additives, and spectral signs indicating the presence of unstable compounds. The most promising practical application of the process is the use of the sweetened fraction in blends with a hydrotreated fraction and functional additives.