A method for the synthesis of the granulated molecular sieve SAPO-11 having high crystallinity and a hierarchical pore structure was proposed for the first time. Crystallization is based on the synthesis of granules comprising 70 wt.% of powdered SAPO-11 and 30 wt.% of the silicoaluminophosphate binder, which transforms into SAPO-11 during crystallization and forms a joint system of intergrown silicoaluminophosphate crystals. This crystallization method makes it possible to obtain the granulated SAPO-11 having high crystallinity and phase purity; its specific surface area SBET is 212 m²/g, micro, meso- and macropore volumes are 0.08, 0.11 and 0.55 cm³/g, respectively. Meso- and macropores were shown to form between intergrown SAPO-11 crystals.

Water addition plays a pivotal role in prolonging the catalytic dehydrogenation reactions and normally starts at the beginning of the dehydrogenation process. A delayed water injection strategy is proposed in this study to improve the performance of bimetallic Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst utilized for long-chain alkanes (nC₁₀–C₁₃) dehydrogenation in the industrial scale. The dehydrogenation reactions took place at a pressure of 0.11–0.13 MPa and temperature varied between 470 and 490 °C. Postponing the water supply until the middle of run leads to longer operating life for the catalyst and consequently reduces the production costs significantly. In addition, it promotes the quality of the final product by decreasing the undesired by-products and results in higher production capacities (by 1.5 %) in the industrial scale. Characterization of the deactivated dehydrogenation catalysts using different methods allows the understanding of the boosted performance of the catalyst arising from postponing the water injection process. Moreover, the proposed strategy reduces the waste production by decreasing the ratio of loaded catalyst to the desired product (by 23 %) and thus alleviates the negative environmental impact of the process. Furthermore, it results in lower energy consumption and promotes the mitigation of CO2 gas emissions by 3 % which can be effective in tackling environmental challenges in the large scale.

This is the first part of a series of reviews on the application of organotin compounds as the catalysts for some important industrial processes, such as (re)esterification and production of polyurethanes, and also as the catalysts for cold vulcanization of silicones and other practically important processes. The first review considers the application of organotin compounds in (re)esterification processes.

This is the second part of a series of reviews on the application of organotin compounds as the catalysts for some important industrial processes. This review considers the application of organotin compounds in the processes of polyurethanes formation.

Thermodynamic analysis of the steam reforming of natural gas at a temperature of 300–600 °C, pressure 0.1–4 MPa and Н₂О : С molar ratio 0.8–1.2 was carried out. Under these conditions, the reaction products are methane-hydrogen mixtures with the hydrogen concentration 10–30 vol.%. Raising the temperature and Н₂О : С molar ratio as well as decreasing the pressure make it possible to increase the hydrogen concentration in the reaction products. Thermodynamic boundaries of the process in the absence of catalyst coking were determined. Experiments on the formation of methane-hydrogen mixtures from methane with the outlet hydrogen concentration 15–35 vol.% were performed on a commercial Ni-CrOx-Al₂O₃ catalyst at a temperature of 325–425 °С, Н₂О : С molar ratio 0.8–1.0, and atmospheric pressure. Under the indicated conditions, the process was not accompanied by the formation of carbon on the catalyst.

Main applications of lipases for the production of esters with different structures are analyzed in the review. The effect of nonaqueous media, methods of lipase immobilization, and substrate specificity on enzymatic esterification is described. Implementations of enzymatic esterification reactions under industrial conditions using two configurations of reactors – with fixed or fluidized bed – are reported. Esters obtained by enzymatic catalysis are systematized with respect to their chemical structure. Lipases are shown to be promising for use in the esterification processes aimed to produce esters with different structures and intended for various purposes.

The catalytic properties of cesium salts of heteropolyacids with the composition Cs_4-хH_хSiW₁₂O₄₀ (х = 3 and 3.5), Cs_3-хHхPMo₁₂O₄₀ and Cs_3-хHхPW₁₂O₄₀ (х = 2 and 2.5) were studied in the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose at 180 °C in an argon atmosphere. Glucose was shown to be the main product of the reaction. The maximum yield reached 23% in the presence of Cs₃HSiW₁₂O₄₀ for 1 h of the reaction. Specific surface area was supposed to affect the catalyst efficiency. It was found that in the presence of the indicated salts the reaction is heterogeneous and homogeneous, which is caused by leaching of the active component to the solution. The obtained materials were shown to be more efficient in comparison with the systems reported in the literature.