Tar carbonization was studied in the absence or presence of the 7% Ni/CNT catalyst. It was shown that tar carbonization at a temperature of 350 °С without the catalyst leads to the formation of gaseous and liquid products and oil coke. Thermolysis products are formed via the separation of lateral hydrocarbon chains from the initial polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Gaseous products consist of С1-С6 hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing gases H2S and COS. Fractional composition of the liquid thermolysis products was studied. It was found that 50 % of the liquid products are represented by gasoline and diesel fractions. The 7% Ni/CNT catalyst was prepared by impregnation. The effect of this catalyst on the tar carbonization in the temperature range of 300–550 °С was studied. The addition of the 7% Ni/CNT catalyst to tar increased its yield and decreased the sulfur content due to partial conversion of sulfur to hydrogen sulfide and COS, which are removed with the gas phase. The electron microscopy study showed that the oil coke obtained upon catalytic tar carbonization is reinforced with carbon nanotubes.

Promoters and their loading amount have crucial roles in cobalt Fischer – Tropsch catalysts. In this regard, the effects of vanadium oxide (V2O5) as a proposed promoter for Co catalyst supported on TiO2 have been investigated. Three catalysts with 0, 1, and 3 wt.% of V2O5 promoter loading are prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method, and characterized by the BET surface area analyzer, XRD, H2-TPR, and TEM techniques. The fixed-bed reactor was employed for their evaluations. It was found that the catalyst containing 1 wt.% V2O5 has the best performance among the evaluated catalysts, demonstrating remarkable selectivity: 92 % C5+ and 5.7 % CH4, together with preserving the amount of CO conversion compared to the unpromoted catalyst. Furthermore, it is reported that the excess addition of V2O5 promoter (> 1 wt.%) in the introduced catalyst leads to the detrimental effect on the CO conversion and C5+ selectivity, mainly owing to diminished active sites by V2O5 loading.

This is the first part of a series of reviews devoted to the direct synthesis of organotin compounds. This review considers condition and results of the interaction of tin alloys with organic halogenides. The efficient application of catalysts and the prospects of using tin alloys for the synthesis of organotin compounds are analyzed; possible mechanisms of these processes are discussed.

The effect of the quality of various domestic commercial HZSM-5 zeolites on the properties of bifunctional cobalt catalyst represented by a composite mixture was studied in the Fischer – Tropsch synthesis. Activities and selectivities of the catalyst samples were compared. The fractional and hydrocarbon composition of the synthesis products was investigated; viscosity-temperature characteristics of the diesel fuel fraction were estimated. A promising HZSM-5 zeolite sample was selected for practical implementation of the catalytic technology.

Deep oxidation of hydrocarbons over platinum catalysts underlies the majority of processes for purification of industrial waste gases. Since waste gases usually contain carbon monoxide, it is important to investigate its effect on the oxidation kinetics of hydrocarbons. This paper considers results of the study on the oxidation kinetics of propane over a glass fiber platinum catalyst in the presence or absence of CO in the reaction mixture. It was found that at low temperatures the presence of CO strongly hinders the oxidation of propane, whereas upon temperature elevation this detrimental effect is replaced by the beneficial effect of CO. As shown by numerical modeling, this bidirectional effect can be attributed to the competitive adsorption of oxygen, propane and CO on the catalyst active sites.

It is topical now to find the ways of hydrogen production that would eliminate emission of carbon oxides into the atmosphere and provide implementation of the so-called low-carbon economy. The production of hydrogen via thermocatalytic methane decomposition (CMD) on carbon catalysts makes it possible to obtain not only a valuable environmentally friendly fuel represented by hydrogen but also various carbon materials that could be applied in different industries. The use of carbon catalysts is essential for economic efficiency of the methane decomposition process. This work is a review of CMD fundamentals and a brief report on the catalytic activity of carbon materials (activated carbon, carbon black, nanotubes and nanofibers) differing in their structure, physical and chemical properties, which were studied in the indicated process. The main problems and prospects for application of this technology were revealed.

The effect of high-temperature treatment on the thermal stability of a graphitic carbon material Sibunit in an oxidizing medium was studied in dependence on the presence of active component – Pt, Pd or Ru. According to thermal analysis data, a high-temperature pretreatment of Sibunit increases the onset temperature of carbon oxidation. It was found that holding of the Ru/Sibunit samples for 4 h in a nitrogen: air (1 : 1) mixture at a temperature of 400 °С resulted in a partial destruction of the pyrocarbon matrix of Sibunit and increased the mean size of Ru particles. It was demonstrated that ruthenium catalysts can efficiently oxidize CO at a temperature not higher than 200 °С and withstand overheats up to 400 °С without a significant loss in activity.

Transformations of methane-ethane, methane-ethylene, hydrogen-ethane and hydrogen-ethylene mixtures on an electrically heated resistive fechral catalyst were studied. During the transformations, the catalyst surface becomes covered with graphitic carbon deposits, which exertan additional catalytic action leading to the formation of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons. The formation of the indicated hydrocarbons proceeds most likely with the involvement of ethylene produced from ethane. The presence of hydrogen suppresses coking of the catalyst surface and decreases the yields of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons.

Features of the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes to ketones or aldehydes in the presence of palladium compounds (Wacker oxidation) are discussed in the review. It is shown that the appropriate reaction conditions, namely, the efficient composition of catalyst, oxidant and solvent, make it possible to selectively produce either ketones or aldehydes from terminal alkenes, and ketones from alkenes with the internal double bond.

The study deals with the synthesis of nitrous oxide via selective oxidation of ammonia in a microreactor (MCR), which is a metal disk with cylindrical channels filled with the manganese-bismuth oxide catalyst. The proposed 3D mathematical model of MCR takes into account axial and radial heat and mass transfer, catalytic reactions and related changes of the reaction mixture volume, heat exchange between the disk and channels, and thermal conductivity of the disk. Parameters providing the maximum output of nitrous oxide were determined with allowance for restrictions on the temperature in MCR channels. The highest efficiency of the nitrous oxide synthesis is achieved at a temperature of the outer edge of reactor 370 °С and an inlet concentration of ammonia 20 vol.%. The output per unit catalyst volume in MCR is approximately 1.5 times higher as compared to a tubular reactor; the maximum temperature corresponds to the optimal one, which provides the best selectivity of the process with respect to nitrous oxide.

Catalytic hydrogenation of the triple carbon-carbon bond of acetylene compounds is an important industrial process. High selectivity to the olefin compound should be provided in the process. This study considers the effect exerted by sodium carbonate treatment of the palladium catalysts containing super-cross-linked polystyrene (SPS) on their activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of 2-methyl- 3-butin-2-ol and phenylacetylene. The effect of such treatment was shown to depend on the chosen palladium precursor and the type of polymeric support (non-functionalized SPS or that containing ternary amino groups). At atmospheric pressure of hydrogen and a temperature of 90 °C in a toluene medium, the 1%-Pd/SPS catalysts treated with Na2CO3 provided a 98 % selectivity in the hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butin-2-ol (at a 95 % conversion of the substrate), while selectivity in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene reached 99.5 %.

γ-Valerolactone (GVL), which is a valuable chemical compound and a platform molecule, is considered as an intermediate product for the synthesis of chemical compounds with high added value, components of motor fuels and biopolymers. GVL is successfully used as an environmentally friendly solvent, fuel additive, fragrance and food additive. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of catalytic methods for the production of GVL from levulinic acid (LA), alkyl levulinates (AL), carbohydrates and vegetable polymers. Particular attention is paid to heterogeneous catalysts based on metals and metal oxides, which are more promising for practical application. The proposed mechanisms of processes are considered in detail, and prospects of using hydrogen-donor solvents in the production of GVL are discussed. Catalysts with the best catalytic performance were compared in terms of their productivity, which is an important parameter for industrial catalysis.